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Truth claim (photography)
The truth claim of photography is the term used by Tom Gunning to describe the prevalent belief that traditional photographs accurately depict reality. He states that the truth claim relies upon both the indexicality and visual accuracy of photographs.〔Tom Gunning, "What's the Point of an Index? Or, Faking Photographs", ''NORDICOM Review'', vol. 5, no.1/2 (September 2004), p.41〕
==Indexicality==
Charles Peirce’s term ‘indexicality’ refers to the physical relationship between the object photographed and the resulting image.〔Gunning, ''ibid.'', pp.39–40〕 Paul Levinson emphasises the ability of photography to capture or reflect “a literal energy configuration from the real world” through a chemical process.〔Paul Levinson, ''The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution'' (London: Routledge, 1997), p.37〕 Light sensitive emulsion on the photographic negative is transformed by light passing through the lens and diaphragm of a camera.〔Gunning, ''op. cit.'', p.40〕 Levinson relates this characteristic of the photograph to its objectivity and reliability, echoing Andre Bazin’s belief that photography is free from the “sin” of subjectivity.〔Levinson, ''op. cit.'', pp.40, 41, 47〕
A similar argument has been made for motion pictures by Stephen Maguire. Lev Manovich labels cinema the “art of the index”, its traditional identity lying in its ability to capture reality.〔Lev Manovich, "What is Digital Cinema", http://www.manovich.net/text/digital-cinema, (1995: accessed 1 February 2006)〕 Denis McQuail likewise argues that film is capable of manipulating the “seeming reality of the photographic message without loss of credibility”.〔Denis McQuail, ''McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (4th Ed.)'' (London: Sage, 2000), p.23〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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